Interpersonal Violence and Passing: Results from a Brazilian Trans-specific Cross-sectional Study.

Trans women are specifically vulnerable to interpersonal violence. Being perceived as the gender that a transgender person identifies with, defined in some contexts as passing, may influence violence ratings. The EVAS (Violence and Health Self-Evaluation) study was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 121 trans women between 2019 and 2020 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, aiming to investigate the association between self-reported passing and different types of interpersonal violence. We enrolled 121 participants who had a median age of 36.3 (interquartile range [IQR] 13.7). Most of them were Black/mixed (78.5%) and had at least a high school education (63%). Most participants considered themselves as trans women (71.9%). Their median monthly income was $252.50 (IQR $302.50). Only 40 (33.1%) trans women had a main partner. Trans women with high passing had a higher prevalence of family violence and lower prevalence of observed police violence, violence in open and closed public spaces. Participants that reported a high passing had higher prevalence of family violence (p = .016); moreover, they reported observing less frequently police violence in the neighborhood they lived in for the last 12 months (p = .012) as well as having lower rates of suffering violence. Trans women who reported high passing had 81% (56%-92%) lower chance of suffering violence in open public places more than once, while prior racism experience had a positive association with violence in an open public place (aOR = 3.93, 95% CI [.48, 15.40]). Passing seems to protect from violence in public spaces, whilst it increases family violence. Data also suggest that observing police violence and violence in close public spaces. There is an urgent need to better understand the complex relationships around violence and foster its prevention.

Fatores associados à violência física grave contra crianças e adolescentes com transtornos mentais / Factors associated with severe physical violence against children and adolescents with mental disorders / Factores asociados a la violencia física grave contra niños y adolescentes con trastornos mentales

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados à ocorrência de violência física grave em crianças e adolescentes com transtornos mentais. Método: estudo transversal com 274 pacientes atendidos em uma unidade de atenção psicossocial de Nova Iguaçu, entre outubro e dezembro de 2016. Além de dados sociodemográficos e clínicos dos cuidadores e crianças, a violência familiar foi apreendida pelo "Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales". Resultados: o tempo de atendimento na unidade de saúde combinada com a jornada semanal de cuidado pelo cuidador resultaram em altas chances de ocorrência de violência física grave (OR 5,0; p-valor 0,002). Por outro lado, a participação em programas de transferência de renda (OR 0,5; p-valor 0,015) demonstrou proteção das crianças e adolescentes às violências. Conclusão: as características sociodemográficas e clínicas parecem estar relacionadas à ocorrência de maus-tratos físicos. Para prevenir episódios, principalmente devido à sobrecarga dos cuidadores, parece imprescindível que as famílias sejam inseridas no cotidiano do cuidado mental.

Objective: to analyze factors associated with the occurrence of severe physical violence in children and adolescents with mental disorders. Method: cross-sectional study with 274 patients attending a psychosocial care unit in Nova Iguaçu between October and December 2016. In addition to sociodemographic and clinical data on caregivers and children, family violence was measured by the "Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales". Results: The time spent in the health unit combined with the week's schedule of care by the caregiver resulted in high chances of serious physical abuse (OR 5.0; p-value 0.002). On the other hand, participation in cash transfer programs (OR 0.5, p-value 0.015) was found to protect children and adolescents from violence. Conclusion: sociodemographic and clinical characteristics seem to be related to the occurrence of physical abuse. To prevent such episodes, it seems essential to include families in daily mental care, mainly because caregivers are overloaded.

Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados a la ocurrencia de violencia física grave en niños y adolescentes con trastornos mentales. Método: estudio transversal junto a 274 pacientes atendidos en una unidad de atención psicosocial en Nova Iguaçu, entre octubre y diciembre de 2016. Además de los datos sociodemográficos y clínicos sobre los cuidadores y los niños, la violencia familiar fue medida por las "Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales". Resultados: El tiempo de permanencia en la unidad de salud combinado con la jornada semanal de cuidado por parte del cuidador resultaron en altas probabilidades de violencia física grave (OR 5,0; p-valor 0,002). Por otro lado, la participación en programas de transferencia de ingresos (OR 0,5; p-valor 0,015) demostró protección de los niños y adolescentes contra la violencia. Conclusión: las características sociodemográficas y clínicas parecen estar relacionadas con la ocurrencia de maltratos físicos. Para prevenir episodios, principalmente derivados de la sobrecarga de los cuidadores, parece ser fundamental que se incluyan las familias en el cotidiano de cuidado mental.

Psychological distress in the COVID-19 pandemic: prevalence and associated factors at a nursing college.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with psychological distress in students and workers at a public nursing college during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: this is a cross-sectional study, carried out by a structured survey based on the internet with a sample of 477 students and workers. Prevalence ratios were calculated and adjusted Prevalence Ratios were obtained by Poisson Regression, with robust variance control and stepwise backward technique. RESULTS: the prevalence of psychological distress was 19.29% (95%CI: 15.98-23.09). Testing (PR 1.55; p-value 0.026) and belonging to the COVID-19 risk group (1.71; p-value 0.005), perception of family atmosphere (PR 3.10; p-value <0.001), feelings of loneliness (PR 2.64; p-value <0.001) and family violence (PR 2.21; p-value 0.005) were associated with distress. CONCLUSIONS: the high magnitude of the event and its association with COVID-19, loneliness and family dynamics arouse the need to build strategies that promote a place of protection for schools.

Psychological distress in the COVID-19 pandemic: prevalence and associated factors at a nursing college / Sufrimiento psicológico en la pandemia de COVID-19: prevalencia y factores asociados en una facultad de enfermería / Sofrimento psíquico na pandemia de COVID-19: prevalência e fatores associados em uma faculdade de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with psychological distress in students and workers at a public nursing college during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study, carried out by a structured survey based on the internet with a sample of 477 students and workers. Prevalence ratios were calculated and adjusted Prevalence Ratios were obtained by Poisson Regression, with robust variance control and stepwise backward technique. Results: the prevalence of psychological distress was 19.29% (95%CI: 15.98-23.09). Testing (PR 1.55; p-value 0.026) and belonging to the COVID-19 risk group (1.71; p-value 0.005), perception of family atmosphere (PR 3.10; p-value <0.001), feelings of loneliness (PR 2.64; p-value <0.001) and family violence (PR 2.21; p-value 0.005) were associated with distress. Conclusions: the high magnitude of the event and its association with COVID-19, loneliness and family dynamics arouse the need to build strategies that promote a place of protection for schools.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al malestar psicológico en estudiantes y trabajadores de una facultad pública de enfermería durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: estudio transversal, realizado mediante una encuesta estructurada basada en internet con una muestra de 477 estudiantes y trabajadores. Se calcularon las razones de prevalencia y se obtuvieron las razones de prevalencia ajustadas mediante Regresión de Poisson, con control de varianza robusto y técnica stepwise backward. Resultados: la prevalencia de distrés psicológico fue de 19,29% (IC 95%: 15,98-23,09). Prueba (RP 1,55; p-value 0,026) y pertenencia al grupo de riesgo (1,71; p-value 0,005) de COVID-19, percepción del ambiente familiar (RP 3,10; p-value<0,001), sentimientos de soledad (RP 2,64; p-value<0,001) y la violencia familiar (RP 2,21; p-value 0,005) se asociaron con el sufrimiento. Conclusiones: la alta magnitud del evento y su asociación con COVID-19, la soledad y la dinámica familiar despiertan la necesidad de construir estrategias que promuevan un lugar de protección para las escuelas.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao sofrimento psíquico em estudantes e trabalhadores de uma faculdade pública de enfermagem durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado por inquérito estruturado baseado na internet com amostra de 477 estudantes e trabalhadores. Foram calculadas prevalências e as Razões de Prevalência ajustadas foram obtidas por Regressão de Poisson, com controle de variância robusta e técnica stepwise backward. Resultados: a prevalência de sofrimento psíquico foi 19,29% (IC95%:15,98-23,09). A testagem (RP 1,55;p-valor 0,026) e pertencimento ao grupo de risco (1,71;p-valor 0,005) da COVID-19, percepção da atmosfera familiar (RP 3,10;p-valor <0,001), sentimentos de solidão (RP 2,64; p-valor <0,001) e violência familiar (RP 2,21;p-valor 0,005) se associaram ao sofrimento. Conclusões: a elevada magnitude do evento e sua associação com a COVID-19, a solidão e a dinâmica familiar despertam a necessidade de construção de estratégias que promovam um lugar de proteção pelas escolas.

Psychological distress in the COVID-19 pandemic: prevalence and associated factors at a nursing college / Sufrimiento psicológico en la pandemia de COVID-19: prevalencia y factores asociados en una facultad de enfermería / Sofrimento psíquico na pandemia de COVID-19: prevalência e fatores associados em uma faculdade de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with psychological distress in students and workers at a public nursing college during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study, carried out by a structured survey based on the internet with a sample of 477 students and workers. Prevalence ratios were calculated and adjusted Prevalence Ratios were obtained by Poisson Regression, with robust variance control and stepwise backward technique. Results: the prevalence of psychological distress was 19.29% (95%CI: 15.98-23.09). Testing (PR 1.55; p-value 0.026) and belonging to the COVID-19 risk group (1.71; p-value 0.005), perception of family atmosphere (PR 3.10; p-value <0.001), feelings of loneliness (PR 2.64; p-value <0.001) and family violence (PR 2.21; p-value 0.005) were associated with distress. Conclusions: the high magnitude of the event and its association with COVID-19, loneliness and family dynamics arouse the need to build strategies that promote a place of protection for schools.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al malestar psicológico en estudiantes y trabajadores de una facultad pública de enfermería durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: estudio transversal, realizado mediante una encuesta estructurada basada en internet con una muestra de 477 estudiantes y trabajadores. Se calcularon las razones de prevalencia y se obtuvieron las razones de prevalencia ajustadas mediante Regresión de Poisson, con control de varianza robusto y técnica stepwise backward. Resultados: la prevalencia de distrés psicológico fue de 19,29% (IC 95%: 15,98-23,09). Prueba (RP 1,55; p-value 0,026) y pertenencia al grupo de riesgo (1,71; p-value 0,005) de COVID-19, percepción del ambiente familiar (RP 3,10; p-value<0,001), sentimientos de soledad (RP 2,64; p-value<0,001) y la violencia familiar (RP 2,21; p-value 0,005) se asociaron con el sufrimiento. Conclusiones: la alta magnitud del evento y su asociación con COVID-19, la soledad y la dinámica familiar despiertan la necesidad de construir estrategias que promuevan un lugar de protección para las escuelas.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao sofrimento psíquico em estudantes e trabalhadores de uma faculdade pública de enfermagem durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado por inquérito estruturado baseado na internet com amostra de 477 estudantes e trabalhadores. Foram calculadas prevalências e as Razões de Prevalência ajustadas foram obtidas por Regressão de Poisson, com controle de variância robusta e técnica stepwise backward. Resultados: a prevalência de sofrimento psíquico foi 19,29% (IC95%:15,98-23,09). A testagem (RP 1,55;p-valor 0,026) e pertencimento ao grupo de risco (1,71;p-valor 0,005) da COVID-19, percepção da atmosfera familiar (RP 3,10;p-valor <0,001), sentimentos de solidão (RP 2,64; p-valor <0,001) e violência familiar (RP 2,21;p-valor 0,005) se associaram ao sofrimento. Conclusões: a elevada magnitude do evento e sua associação com a COVID-19, a solidão e a dinâmica familiar despertam a necessidade de construção de estratégias que promovam um lugar de proteção pelas escolas.

Effect of income on the cumulative incidence of COVID-19: an ecological study.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the relationship between per capita income and the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in the neighborhoods of the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. METHOD: an ecological study using neighborhoods as units of analysis. The cumulative incidence rate per 100,000 inhabitants and the median of potential confounding variables (sex, race, and age) were calculated. Multiple analysis included quantile regression, estimating the regression coefficients of the variable income for every five percentiles from the 10th to 90th percentiles to verify the relationship between income and incidence. RESULTS: the city's rate was 36.58 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants. In general, the highest rates were observed in the wealthiest regions. Multiple analysis was consistent with this observation since the per capita income affected all percentiles analyzed, with a median regression coefficient of 0.02 (p-value <0.001; R2 32.93). That is, there is an increase of R$ 0.02 in the neighborhood's per capita income for every unit of incidence. CONCLUSION: cumulative incident rates of COVID-19 are influenced by one's neighborhood of residency, suggesting that access to testing is uneven.

Sheltered adolescents' background of exposure to violence and distressful experiences.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the exposure to violence and distressful experiences lived by adolescents in institutional shelters in the city of Rio de Janeiro (previous to their admittance). METHODS: a cross-sectional study carried out in public institutional shelter units, with a sample of 72 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years. Data on sociodemographic aspects, family relationships and distressful experiences were obtained by means of the Parcours Amoureux des Jeunes instrument, validated for use in Brazil. Statistical analysis included estimates of prevalence and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: high magnitudes of distressful experiences and overlapping abuses lived by adolescents were observed, especially violent events (72.2%), social exclusion (59.1%), and sexual harassment (48.6%). CONCLUSIONS: the study shows that adolescents under institutional sheltering come from a background of severe and frequent distressful experiences. These took place in multiple environments: family (prior to their institutional reception), community, and group.

Sheltered adolescents' background of exposure to violence and distressful experiences / Exposición a la violencia y experiencias difíciles vividas por adolescentes en situación de acogida institucional / Exposição à violência e experiências difíceis vividas por adolescentes em situação de acolhimento institucional

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the exposure to violence and distressful experiences lived by adolescents in institutional shelters in the city of Rio de Janeiro (previous to their admittance). Methods: a cross-sectional study carried out in public institutional shelter units, with a sample of 72 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years. Data on sociodemographic aspects, family relationships and distressful experiences were obtained by means of the Parcours Amoureux des Jeunes instrument, validated for use in Brazil. Statistical analysis included estimates of prevalence and 95% confidence intervals. Results: high magnitudes of distressful experiences and overlapping abuses lived by adolescents were observed, especially violent events (72.2%), social exclusion (59.1%), and sexual harassment (48.6%). Conclusions: the study shows that adolescents under institutional sheltering come from a background of severe and frequent distressful experiences. These took place in multiple environments: family (prior to their institutional reception), community, and group.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la exposición a la violencia y las experiencias difíciles vividas por adolescentes en situación de acogida institucional en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en unidades públicas de acogida institucional, con una muestra de 72 adolescentes entre 12 y 18 años de edad. La medición de los aspectos sociodemográficos, de las relaciones familiares y de las experiencias difíciles se realizó mediante el instrumento Parcours Amoureux des Jeunes, validado suuso en Brasil. El análisis estadístico contó con estimaciones de prevalencias e intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados: se observaron altas magnitudes de experiencias difíciles, con superposición de abusos vividos por los adolescentes, en particular los eventos violentos (72,2%), la exclusión social (59,1%) y el acoso sexual (48,6%). Conclusiones: el estudio reveló altas y múltiples magnitudes de experiencias difíciles experimentadas por los adolescentes en acogida institucional tanto en el ámbito familiar, en momentos anteriores a la acogida, como en el ámbito comunitario y grupal.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a exposição à violência e experiências difíceis vivenciadas por adolescentes em situação de acolhimento institucional no município do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado nas unidades públicas de acolhimento institucional, com amostra de 72 adolescentes entre 12 e 18 anos. A aferição dos aspectos sociodemográficos, das relações familiares e das difíceis experiências foi realizada por meio do instrumento Parcours Amoureux des Jeunes, validado para uso no Brasil. A análise estatística contou com estimações de prevalências e intervalos de confiança a 95%. Resultados: foram observadas elevadas magnitudes de experiências difíceis e com sobreposição de abusos vividos pelos adolescentes, com destaque para os eventos violentos (72,2%), a exclusão social (59,1%) e o assédio sexual (48,6%). Conclusões: o estudo revelou elevadas e múltiplas magnitudes de experiências difíceis experenciadas pelos adolescentes em acolhimento institucional, tanto no âmbito familiar, em momentos prévios ao acolhimento, como em âmbito comunitário e grupal.

Effect of income on the cumulative incidence of COVID-19: an ecological study / Efeito da renda sobre a incidência acumulada de COVID-19: um estudo ecológico / Efecto de la renta sobre la incidencia acumulada de COVID-19: un estudio ecológico

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the relationship between per capita income and the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in the neighborhoods of the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Method an ecological study using neighborhoods as units of analysis. The cumulative incidence rate per 100,000 inhabitants and the median of potential confounding variables (sex, race, and age) were calculated. Multiple analysis included quantile regression, estimating the regression coefficients of the variable income for every five percentiles from the 10th to 90th percentiles to verify the relationship between income and incidence. Results the city's rate was 36.58 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants. In general, the highest rates were observed in the wealthiest regions. Multiple analysis was consistent with this observation since the per capita income affected all percentiles analyzed, with a median regression coefficient of 0.02 (p-value <0.001; R2 32.93). That is, there is an increase of R$ 0.02 in the neighborhood's per capita income for every unit of incidence. Conclusion cumulative incident rates of COVID-19 are influenced by one's neighborhood of residency, suggesting that access to testing is uneven.(AU)

A atenção primária na perspectiva de usuários de um hospital universitário / The primary health care in the users' perspective of a univer-sity hospital / La atención primaria en la perspectiva de usuarios de un hospital universitario

Objetivo: Analisar a percepção sobre os atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde em função do perfil demográfico, socioeconômico e de acompanhamento de saúde de pacientes clínicos de um Hospital Universitário. Método: Estudo seccional com 197 adultos internados de março a junho. Os dados foram coletados usando um questionário multidimensional e o Primary Care Assessment Tool. Foram calculadas as prevalências e os respectivos Intervalos de Confiança. Resultados: A presença de cuidados prestados pela atenção primária foi identificada em 49,7% (IC95%: 42.7/56.7) da população estudada. A presença e a orientação da atenção primária apresentaram relações estatisticamente significantes com as formas de acompanhamento de saúde dos usuários. Conclusão: O estudo aponta para um baixo grau de orientação da atenção primária percebido pelos participantes, sugerindo a pouca articulação entre os diferentes níveis de atenção da rede assistencial.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the perception about the attributes of Primary Health Care according to the demographic, socioeconomic and health monitoring profile of clinical patients of a University Hospital. Method: Sectional study with 197 hospitalized adults from March to June. Data were collected using a multidimensional questionnaire and the Primary Care Assessment Tool. The prevalence and the Confidence Intervals were calculated. Results: The presence of care provided by primary care was identified in 49.7% (95% CI: 42.7 / 56.7) of the study population. The presence and orientation of primary care presented statistically significant relationships with the forms of health follow-up of the users. Conclusion: The study points to a low degree of orientation of the primary care perceived by the participants, suggesting the little articulation between the different levels of attention of the care network.(AU)

Objetivo: Analizar la percepción sobre los atributos de la Atención Primaria de Salud según el perfil de seguimiento demográfico, socioeconómico y de salud de los pacientes clínicos de un Hospital Universitario. Método: Estudio seccional con 197 adultos hospitalizados de marzo a junio. Los datos se recopilaron mediante un cuestionario multidimensional y la Herramienta de evaluación de atención primaria. Se calculó la prevalencia y los intervalos de confianza. Resultados: La presencia de la atención brindada por la atención primaria se identificó en el 49,7% (IC 95%: 42,7 / 56,7) de la población del estudio. La presencia y orientación de la atención primaria presentó relaciones estadísticamente significativas con las formas de seguimiento de la salud de los usuarios. Conclusión: El estudio apunta a un bajo grado de orientación de la atención primaria percibida por los participantes, lo que sugiere la poca articulación entre los diferentes niveles de atención de la red de atención.(AU)